Một số dạng ngữ pháp, từ và cấu trúc thường gặp trong viết lại câu

idn't mean to interrupt the conversation.
I'm sorry, I .
I’m sorry, I had no intention of interrupting the conversation. 
S to be determined to V à S have no intention of V (contrast meaning)
Example:
The Prime Minister was determined to remain in office.
→The Prime Minister ..
→The Prime Minister had no intention of resigning office.
3.2.5 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ DIFFICULT
S find st difficult/ hard to V à S have/experience difficulty (in) Ving
Example
My father finds maps difficult to follow.
à My father has....................................................................................
My father has difficulty following maps.
S V easily / It to be easy for sb to V à S have no difficulty (in) Ving/ There tobe some difficulties (in) Ving
Example:
1. It was easy for us to find the house.
→We had .
→We had no difficulty in finding the house.
2. It wasn’t easy to persuade her to come .
There were some difficulies ............................................................
There were some difficulties (in) persuading her to come . 
Exercises
1.The accident victim was having increasing difficulty in breathing. 
→The accident victims were increasingly .
→The accident victims were increasingly difficult to breathe.
2. We had not expected that we should have so much difficulty in finding the place.
→The place was . 	
→The place was much more difficult to find than we had expected. 	
3. I find his handwriting very hard to read. 
à I have ..
I have (considerable) difficulty (in) reading his hand writing
4. You can ring this number whenever there is any difficulty.
→ Should ..
Should there is any difficulty, you can ring this number.
5. The Police caught the pickpockets easily.
Police had 
Police had no difficulty in catching
3.2.6 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ SUCCEED/ MANAGE/ FAIL
succeed in Ving/ to be successful in Ving ßà manage to V/ fail to V/ try in vain to V
Example
1. Sally finally managed to get a job. 
à Sally finally succeeded	
Sally finally succeeded in getting the job
2. He didn’t succeeded in searching for the stolen car.
 He tried in vain ..........................................................
 He tried in vain to search for the stolen car.
3. John Speck failed to find the source of the river Nile. 
à John Speck did not succeed	..
John Speck did not succeed in finding the source of the river Nile
3.2.7 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ LIKELY
It seems that = it appears that = it is likely that 
Example:
It seems that he will come late
à It appears that / It is likely he will come late
à He is likely to come late.
It to be likely that S will V à S may/ might V
Example:
It’s very likely that the company will accept his application.
à The company ..
The company might/ may accept his application.
3.2.8 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ CHANCE/ OPPORTUNITY
Chance = possibility = (it to be likely that)
Example:
Their chances of success are small.
→It’s not ..
→It’s not likely that they will succeed.
The chances are that the whole thing will have been forgotten by next term.
→In all .
→In all probability/likelihood the whole thing will have been forgotten by next term.
take a chance = risk
Example:
You’ll just have to take a chance. (POT)
→You’ll just have to take pot luck. (Take pot luck: ăn thử)
by chance = luck (accidentally)
Example
I met your sister by chance at the airport last week.
I ran ..
I ran into your sister at the airport last week.
3.2.9 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ POSSIBLE
It to be (im)possible to V à Ving to be (im)possible
It is impossible to learn a foreign language in a week. 
Learning..
Learning a foreign language in a week is impossible
It’s (im)possible that S + past simple à S might have Vpp
It’s possible that he didn’t get my letter. 
à He might
He might not have got my letter
Can/could (not) = tobe (un)able to = tobe (im)possible to/that
Example:
He can’t walk on his foot
à He isn’t able to walk on his foot
à He is unable to walk on his foot
Couldn’t you have got a bus to the station? 
à Wasn’t it.	?
Wasn’t it possible to get a bus to the station?
3.2.10 CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ CHANGE
Change (n) à changeable (adj)/ change (v)
In countries like Britain the weather changes all the time. 
à In countries like Britain, the weather is	
In countries like Britain, the weather is very changeable
The weather is probably not going to change.
→There will ...
→There will probably be no change in the weather.
change = turn over a new leaf
Example:
Your attitude will have to change if you want to succeed.
→You have to turn .
→You have to turn over a new leaf if you want to succeed.
3.2.11. CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ SEEM
S seem to have Vpp à It look as if/ though S has/ have/ had Vpp
The house seemed to have been unoccupied for several years. 
à It looked..
It looked as if the house had been unoccupied for several years
It seems that S past simple à S seem to have Vpp
Example: 
1. It seems that no-one predicted the correct result. 
à No-one...
No one seems to have predicted the correct result.
2. He seemed to be living in the area. 
à It seemed ..
3. It seemed that he was living in the area.
3.2.12. CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ MIND
Mind (n): make up one’s mind= decide/ change one’s mind
Example: 
When you do decide what you want to do, please let us know.
à When you make
à When you make up your mind what you want to do, please let us know.
If you changed your mind, you’ll be welcome to join our club . 
à Were you ............................... .................................................. ......................
Were you to change your mind, you’ll be welcome to join our club.
Mind (n): in one’s mind= your thought, your ability to think
We’ve been thinking the matter over and have and have finally come to a decision. 
à We’ve..
We’ve given our mind to think the matter over and come to a decision
I never thought that I would win a prize.
→It had never 
→It had never crossed my mind that I would win a prize.
mind (v): mind + Ving ßà to be happy/ willing to V
Example
Mary will be happy to give you a hand.
à Mary does not mind..
Mary does not mind giving you a hand.
Would you mind/ Do you mind: politely ask someone’s permission
Example:
1. May I borrow your pencil?
→ Would you mind 
Would you mind if I borrow your pencil?
2. Is it a problem if I open the window a little?
Do you .
Do you mind if I open the window a little?
3.2.13. CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ NECESSARY
to be necessary to V à S have/ need to V
Example:
1. It isn’t necessary to finish the work today. 
à You don’t.
You don’t have to finish the work today
2. An up- to – date visa is necessary for Andorra. 
à You’ll
You’ll need to get an up-to-date visa for Andorra
3.2.14. CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ EXPECT
S V as adj/adv as S’ expect/hope (v) à come/live up to one’s expectation (n)
Example 
What was much better than I expected was the costume design. 
à What exceeded.
What exceeded my expectation(s) was the costume design. 
S expect à S’ come as no surprise to sb
We had expected Pedro to get promoted.
Pedro's ..
Pedro's promotion came as no surprise to us.
expect that S will/can + V à S expect sb to V
I expect that he will get there by lunchtime. 
à I expect him
I expect him to get there by lunchtime
3.2.15. CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ PREVENT/ STOP
S can/could/will not V because of N/Ving à N prevent/stop somebody from Ving
(Ai/cái gì không/có thể làm gì vì cái gì)à(Ai/cái gì ngăn cản ai/cái gì... không làm gì..)
Example:
1.We couldn’t get nearer because of the police. 
The police .............................................................................................................
The police prevented us from getting nearer
2. We couldn’t drive because of the fog. 
The fog prevented......................................................................
The fog prevented us from driving
3.2.16. CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ WORTH/ POINT/ USE/ WASTE
Tobe not worth doing sth = there is no point in doing sth = it is a waste of time doing = it to be pointless to do= it’s no use doing: không đáng, vô ích làm gì
Example:
1. It’s not worth making him get up early
There is no point..
There is no point in making him getting early
2. It’s no use asking John to join our plan. 
There’s no point...................................................................
There’s no point in asking John to join our plan.
to be worth money = to be valued at/about
The painting is worth $25,000. 
→The painting has been .. 
→The painting has been valued at $25,000. 
3.2.17. CẤU TRÚC VỚI TỪ SPEND/TAKE TIME
It + takes/took+ someone + amount of time + to do something(làm gì... mất bao nhiêu thờigian...)
à S + spend + amount of time/ money + V-ing(dành bao nhiêu thời gian làm gì)
à S + spend + amount of time/ money + on + something(dành thời gian vào việc gì...)
Example:
1. It takes me 5 minutes to get to school. 
à I spend.
I spend five minutes getting to school.
2. It took him 10 minutes to do this exercise yesterday.
à He spent .
à He spent 10 minutes doing this exercise yesterday.
It to be + amount of time + N à S spend amount of time Ving/ It takes time to V
Example:
It’s a six-hour drive from Lodon to Edinburgh.
à It takes
It takes us six hours to drive from London to Edinburgh.
3.3. BÀI TẬP ÁP DỤNG
Exercise – Tenses transformation
1. Rewrite the following sentences without changing their meaning.
1.I have played football for ages.
® It’s 
2. I haven’t been to Ha long for three years.
® It’s .
à The last time.
3. She hasn’t seen her mother since she left for Pairs.
®She last ..
4.The last time I went to Hanoi was over fours years ago.
® It’s .
® I haven’t .
5.I last saw her when she returned to her home town.
® I haven’t .
6.How long have you sold your old house?
® When .
7.She hasn’t spoken Japanese before.
® It’s .
8.This is the first time she has driven a car.
® She has .
9.I haven’t heard from him since July.
®I last ..
à The last time.
10.My aunt has been teaching English for 40 years.
® My aunt started ..
11. I went over my lesson and then went to school
® Before ..
12. Before he watched TV, he had done all his exercises
® After ..
2. Rewrite the sentences as the same meaning as the above
1. I haven’t been to the dentist’s for two years.
Þ It’s ..............................................................................................
2. They bought this house ten years ago.
Þ They have ..............................................................................................
3. When did you start the project?
Þ How long ..............................................................................................
4. This is the last time I go to this restaurant.
Þ I certainly ..............................................................................................
5. I haven’t seen that man here before.
Þ It’s .......................................................................................................
6. He learned to drive when he was 18.
Þ He has ................................................................................................
7. John has not had his hair cut for over six months.
Þ It’s .......................................................................................................
8. Mary rang hours and hours ago.
Þ It’s hours .............................................................................................
9. I haven’t eaten this kind of food before.
Þ This is the 1st time ..............................................................................
10. She started working as a secretary five years ago.
Þ She has ..............................................................................................
3 Rewrite the following sentences without changing their meaning.
Although/ Even though/ In spite of/ Despite
1. Though he may drive carefully, there is still a danger of accident in fog so dense.
àHowever ..
2. Although I pay him much, this man is never satisfied. 
à However 
3. She never seems to succeed, even though she works hard.
→However ......................................
4. I’ll find that man no matter how long it takes.
→However ..
5. I admit he’s clever, but I don’t think he’ll solve this problem.
However ...........................................................................................................
6. Adeles tries hard, but she doesn't get anywhere.
→ However.
7. I admit he’s clever, but I don’t think he’ll solve this problem.
However .....................................................................................................
8. Melissa’s father was very busy, but he still played with her.
Busy .....................................................................................................................
9. Even though I admire his courage, I think he is foolish. 
Much
10. However friendly he seems, he’s not to be trusted.
Friendly ..........................................................................................................
4 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given.
The conditional
1. I can't walk fast when I am tired.
If ..
2. I think you are late. Why don't you take the bus?
If ..
3. I don't know whether they bought a house yesterday. They might show it to us today.
If .
4. You mustn't enter this building if you don't work here.
Unless ..
5. When I am not saving for my holidays, I spend a lot of money on clothes.
Unless ..
6. You don't speak German very well, because you don't even try to learn anything.
If 
7. They don't go to the cinema, so they don't know anything about new movies and actors.
If 
8. I can't take that exam, because I didn't have enough time to revise.
If ..
9. We won't see you because we are not in Zagreb. 
If ..
10. Absolute secrecy was crucial to the success of the mission.
Without ...
11. It was so cold that we turned the central heating on.
If ..
12. The only reason the party was a success was that a famous film star attended.
Had it not ....................................................................................................................
13. The teacher didn't catch him cheating, so he passed the exam.
If ..
14. Call me immediately, if you see him.
Should ..
15. My job is very stressful, but I earn a lot of money. That’s why I am not going to quit.
Were ..
5 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given.
1. They must do their task now.
Their
2. He expected me to buy him a book.
I
3. They want him to invite them to the party.
He
4. They opened the road 10 years ago.
The
5. He can mend all chairs for you now.
All
6. We expected them to forgive us.
They
7. They allowed women to vote many years ago.
Women
8. You should open the wine 3 hours before you use it.
The
9. They suggested making the test easier.
They 
10. People think she is the most beautiful girl.
She
11. It’s your duty to make tea for the party.
You
12. They let their children go to the zoo last Sunday.
Their
13. He had the neighbor mend the chair.
He
14. The walls need painting.
The
15. He made me clean all the plates last night.
I
16. Don’t close the door. 
The
17. People say he is very rich.
He
18. We see her walk with him every evening.
She
19. They had the typist type all their letters.
They
20. I am going to ask the gardener to cut my fence tomorrow.
I am
6 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given.
Inversion
He spent all his money. He even borrowed some from me.
Not only ..
He had hardly left the office when the telephone rang.
No sooner 	..
I had only just put the phone down when the boss rang back.
Hardly	 ..
He didn’t finish his work until the bell rang.
Not until 	..
We only began to see the symptoms of the disease after several months.
Only after 	..
I have never seen anyone in my life drink as much as you.
Never 	..
A sleeping dog was lying under the table.
Under	..
His brother had rarely been more excited.
Rarely	 ..
The facts were not all made public until later.
Only 	..
If I had realized what would happen, I wouldn’t have accepted the job.
Had 	..
We have never gone to Paris before. 
At no time 	..
They had hardly come home when it started raining.
Hardly 	..
The students had sooner arrived the class when the teacher came.
No sooner	..
The teacher cannot become friendly until the students get along with him.
Not until 	..
He can only succeed when he tries his best to study. 
Only when 	..
I cannot recognise who he is before he gets in the room. 
Only after 	..
She is so attractive that many boys run after her.
So 	..
I will never say that again. 
Never	 ..
I seldom skip breakfast.
Seldom	 ..
A seal is lying on the beach. 
On the beach 	..
7 Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given.
Exercise - Subjunctives
1. The workers only called off the strike after a new pay offer.
Only after.
2. Alice and Charles did not decide to move to a bigger house until after the birth of their second son.
Only when.
3. He forgot about the gun until he got home.
Not until 
4. The truth only came out on the publication of the general’s personal diaries.
Only when..
5. I had only just put the phone down when the boss rang back
Hardly.
6. Immediately after his appointment to the post, the new editor fell ill.
No sooner
7. These new machines have put an end to queuing.
Before these.
8. Every one started complaining the moment the announcement was made.
No sooner.
9. I didn’t realise who he was until later.
Only later ..
10. We couldn’t relax until all the guests had gone home.
Only
11. There is always trouble when he comes to visit us.
Whenever..
12. She didn’t say a word as she left the room.
She left the room .
13. We only dispatch goods after receiving the money.
Only after the money.
14. John didn’t celebrate until he received the offer of promotion in writing.
Not until..
15. They had to wait for twelve hours before their flight left.
Only after a
8. Rewrite the following sentences using infinitive phrase / clause:
1 People use money so that they can buy things they need. (in order to)
].
2 Banks are developed so that they can keep people’s money safe. (in order to)
].
3 Mr. Brown is going to the bank to borrow some money. (so that )
].
4 Alice borrowed an eraser to erase a mistake in his composition. (so that )
].
5 I need to buy some laundry detergent so that I will wash my clothes. (in order to)
].
6 I moved to the front of the room so as to see better. (so that )
].
7 I came to this school so that I could learn English . (in order to)
].
8 He gave her the key for her to open the door. (so that )
].
9 Mary took her brother to school for him to learn English. (so that )
].
10 Please arrive early for us to start the meeting on time. (so that )
].
11 He wrote to David of his interest in science to ask for work. (so that )
].
12 Kathy built a high wall round her garden for the fruits not to be stolen. (so that)
].
13 Tom was playing very softly so that he wouldn’t disturb anyone. (in order not to)
].
14 They rushed into the burning house so that they could save the child. (in order to)
].
15 Lan often attends English Speaking Club to practice speaking English. (so that )
].
16 He stood on the chair to see better. (in order to)
].
17 Please shut the gate for the cows not to get out of the cowshed. (so that )
].
18 The boy tiptoed into the room not to wake every body up. (so that )
].
19. She said nothing . She didn’t want to make him angry (so as to)
].
20. Minh does morning exercises regularly. He wants to be healthy ( so as to )
].
Exercise – sothat/ suchthat
9 Rewrite sentences using so..that or such .that
1. The room was so untidy that it took us one hour to clean it.
àIt was .... .............................................................................
2. The boy was so fool